Press release, (August 24, 2016) – A first-of-its-kind study
uses THDA home loan data to identify the impact of homebuyer education
classes on default and foreclosure rates.
The new study shows
the odds of foreclosure were 42 percent lower among participants in
THDA’s down payment assistance program who completed a homebuyer
education (HBE) class compared to participants who did not.
THDA
began offering down payment assistance as part of its home loan program
in January 2002 but did not start enforcing a requirement to attend an
HBE class until July of that year. As a result, study author Scott
Brown, a Ph.D. student in the Community Research and Action program at
Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College, recognized a unique opportunity
to compare two sets of otherwise identical homebuyers: down payment
assistance recipients from the first half of the year who did not take
an HBE class and those from the second half of the year who were
required to take HBE.
“This is one of the first studies on the
effectiveness of homebuyer education to provide evidence similar to an
experiment with a control group,” said Brown.
“Because all of
the homeowners in this study qualified for and received a home loan
with down payment assistance from THDA in the same calendar year, their
demographic, geographic, and financial characteristics are nearly
identical. This is very helpful from a scientific perspective because it
largely controls for factors other than homebuyer education when
comparing one group to the other,” he explained.
Brown’s results were recently published in the prestigious
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. According to the study:
By
the end of the seven-year study time period, only 10.6 percent of
borrowers with HBE had foreclosed compared to 17.6 percent of those
without HBE.
After adjusting for borrower,
mortgage, and local economic differences, this amounted to 42 percent
lower odds of foreclosure. (Please note, the odds of a foreclosure is
not the same thing as the foreclosure rate.) Even after adjusting for
differences in borrowers, mortgage loans, and local economies, borrowers
who took HBE were still significantly less likely to have their
mortgage end in foreclosure seven years later.
“There is a
dramatic reduction in the likelihood of foreclosure. These classes make a
real difference in people’s lives,” said Ralph M. Perrey, executive
director of THDA. “It’s important that THDA does more than just provide
families with the financing they need to get in the front door. We’re
also preparing them to be successful homeowners for years to come.”
“Foreclosures
are expensive and disruptive on all sides, including the borrower, the
loan holder, and the mortgage guarantor, and this study shows that HBE
classes are a relatively low-cost approach to preventing them in a
significant percentage of cases,” said Brown.
The percentage
of homeowners falling into default (being at least 90 days behind on
payments at some point during the study) was not significantly different
between the two groups: 32.6 percent for homeowners without HBE
compared to 30.7 percent for those with HBE.
“Both program
income limits and need for down payment assistance may have generated a
pool of homeowners who are more vulnerable to disruption in their
incomes. So these classes may have been more limited in being able to
prevent program participants from ever falling a couple months behind on
payments,” said Brown. “But HBE may still provide these homeowners with
an understanding of how to adapt and be proactive when trouble hits,
enabling them to prevent a default from escalating into a foreclosure.”
Another
factor in the default data may be that homebuyers tend to participate
in HBE classes near their loan closing date, long after a house is
selected and an offer made. By this point, the opportunity to influence
the price range of homes under consideration and down payment amount,
and thus the size of the monthly home loan payment, has already passed.
“More
research is needed into the timing of HBE classes and when in the
buying process they have the strongest influence,” said Brown. “However,
there are other approaches that can reduce the likelihood of default,
even after the loan is closed. For example, a study by Stephanie Moulton
and colleagues suggests that low-cost follow-ups with new homeowners,
such as a quarterly call from a financial coach, could also help lower
default rates by catching trouble early.”
Brown’s report cites
research indicating, “Half of low-income first-time homebuyers face
significant unplanned home repairs or major increases in utility costs,
property taxes, or homeowner's insurance within the first two years of
ownership.” When facing these or other hardships, homeowners who
completed HBE appear to be significantly better prepared to recover and
become current on their payments once again. Among borrowers defaulting
for the first time, Brown found the odds of foreclosure was reduced 55
percent among those who took HBE compared to those who did not.
“The
numbers in this study represent more than just dollars. These are
Tennessee families of moderate-to-low income who are trying to make
smart decisions about where to raise their kids and how to build up a
safe nest egg for their future,” said Perrey.
Additional highlights from the study:
- Among
borrowers who defaulted, HBE was associated with both an increased
probability of becoming current on payments again and of avoiding a
later foreclosure. Policymakers should consider the timing and intensity
of HBE programs needed to influence default risk and how HBE may
promote sustainable homeownership by influencing borrowers’ help-seeking
behavior and strategies for resolving defaults.
- HBE
appears to affect both the overall rates and timing of foreclosures.
Though borrowers with and without HBE were defaulting at similar rates
for the first four years after they received their mortgage, remarkably
few foreclosures occurred in the HBE group during this time.
- Borrower
credit scores were strongly connected to whether they were ever 90 days
or more late on their payments. HBE did not appear to be particularly
helpful in avoiding default or foreclosure for those with the lowest
credit scores compared to those with higher credit scores.
- Only
16.7 percent of borrowers with HBE had their first default end in
foreclosure compared to 37.8 percent of borrowers without HBE.
The full study as published in
The Journal of Policy Analysis and Management is available online:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.218...
Scott
Brown is currently a Ph.D. student in the Community Research and Action
program at Vanderbilt University. He served as an intern in the
Research & Planning division of THDA in 2009.
My Comment: The agency I work for offers the Homebuyer Education referenced above. If you know someone seeking to become a homeowner have them call 615-833-9580 for more information. If you already own a home and are in default or facing default, call me and let me see if I can help you. Rod Williams, 615-850-3453.